BIOLOGY 122 COURSE OUTLINE
I. URINARY
SYSTEM
1.
Urinary system ‑ Gross Anatomy.
A.
Kidney.
B.
Ureters.
C.
Bladder.
D.
Urethra.
2.
Kidney ‑ Internal Gross Anatomy.
A. Cortex.
1. Cortex proper.
2. Renal columns.
B.
Medulla.
1. Renal pyramids.
2. Renal Papilla.
C.
Ureter.
1. Major calyces.
2. Minor calyces.
3.
Kidney ‑ Microscopic Structure.
A.
Nephron Unit.
1. Glomerulus.
2. Bowman's capsule.
3. Tubules.
B.
Blood supply.
1. Arterial supply.
2. Peritubular
capillaries.
3. Venous return.
4.
Urine Formation.
A.
Glomerular filtration.
B.
Tubular Reabsorption.
C.
Tubular secretion.
D.
Tubular excretion.
5.
Regulation of Kidney Blood Supply.
A.
Nervous control.
B.
Hormonal control.
1. Renin and angiotensin.
2. ADH.
3. Aldosterone.
6.
Urine ‑
A.
General description.
B.
PH.
C.
Specific gravity.
D.
Output.
E.
Chemical Composition.
1. H2O.
2. Salts.
3. Urea.
4. Amonia.
5. Creatinine.
6. Uric Acid.
7. Others.
7. Urine ‑ Abnormal.
A.
Albumin.
B.
Glucose.
C.
Blood.
D.
Pus.
E.
Ketone Bodies.
F.
Casts.
G.
Calculi.
8.
Diuresis.
A.
Water Diuresis.
B.
Osmotic Diuresis.
C. Drugs.
D.
Ethyl Alcohol.
E.
Caffeine.
9.
Ureters.
A.
Description.
B.
Function.
10.
Urinary Bladder.
A.
Structure.
B.
Function.
11.
Urethra.
A.
Structure (Male).
B.
Structure (Female).
C.
Function.
12.
Micturition.
II. ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
1. General Introduction
2. Method of Study.
3. Pituitary (Hypophysis).
A. "Master Gland" and role of
the hypothalamus and releasing factors.
B.
Adeno Hypophysis.
1. Somatotrophin.
2. Thyrototrophin.
3. Adrenocorticotrophin
(ACTH).
4. Gonadotrophins.
5. Melanocyte
stimulating hormone.
C.
Neurophyposhysis.
1. Release and storage of:
a. ADH.
b. Oxytocin.
4. Testis ‑ (See Reproductive System)
A. Hypofunction.
B.
Hyperfuntion ("none").
5.
Ovaries ‑ (See Reproductive System).
A.
Hypofunction.
B.
Hyperfunction.
6. Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal).
A.
Adrenal Cortex.
1. Mineralcorticoids.
2. Glucocorticoids.
3. Sex hormones.
B.
Adrenal Medulla.
1. Epinephrine.
2. Norepinephrine.
7. Thyroid.
A.
Location and description.
B.
Microstructure.
C.
Hormones.
1. Thyroxin.
2. Triode thyronine.
3. Throcalcitonin.
D.
Control of metabolic activities.
E.
Simple Goiter.
F.
Hyperthyroidism.
G.
Hypothyroidism.
8. Parathyroid.
A.
Location.
B.
Physiology.
1. Parathormone.
2. Calcitonin.
9. Pancreas.
A.
Introduction.
B.
Microstructure.
1. Acinar cells.
2. Islet of Langerhan's.
C.
Physiology.
1. Insulin.
2. Glucagon.
D.
Diabetes Mellitus.
10. Thymus.
A.
Location and size changes.
B.
Recent investigations.
11. Pineal.
A.
Location.
B.
Recent investigations.
III. DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
1. Introduction ‑ Typical cross-section
of GI Tract.
A.
Mucosa.
B.
Submucosa.
C.
Muscle (Smooth) layers.
D.
Serous layer (visceral peritoneum).
2. Buccal Cavity.
A.
Lips.
B.
Cheeks.
C.
Tongue.
1. Papillae.
2. Taste buds.
D.
Teeth.
1. Decidupous.
2. Permanent (adult) teeth.
a. Structure.
b. Types.
E.
Palate.
1. Hard palate.
2. Soft palate.
3. Uvula.
F.
Salivary glands.
1. Locations.
2. Physiology.
a. Saliva.
b. Salivary amylase.
3. Pharynx.
A.
Nasopharynx.
B.
Oropharynx.
C.
Laryngopharynx.
4. Esophagus.
A.
Physical structure.
B.
Process of swallowing.
5. Stomach.
A.
Location.
B.
Gross anatomy.
C.
Mucosal histology.
D.
Physiology.
1. HCL.
2. Pepsinogen.
E.
Gastric secretion.
6. Small Intestine.
A.
Gross anatomy.
B.
Mucosal modifications.
C.
Digestion.
1. Role of bile.
2. Role of pancreas.
a. Lipase.
b. Amylase.
c. Proteases.
d. Sodium bicarbonate.
3. Intestinal juice.
a. Amino peptidase and dipeptidase.
b. Maltase, sucrose, lactase.
D.
Physical movements.
E.
Absorption.
1. Structure and role of villus.
2. Active transport mechanism.
3. Passive transport mechanism.
F.
Food conversion and utilization.
1. Renal portal system and the liver.
2. Essential amino acids, fatty acids, and their
roles (review).
3. Carbohydrate utilization (review).
7. Large Intestine.
A.
Gross anatomy.
B.
Modification of muscle layers.
C.
Physiology.
D.
Movement of fecal material.
E.
Fecal material and diagnostic importance.
8. Hormonal Role of Digestive Secretions.
A.
Gastrin.
B.
Enterogastrone.
C.
Secretion.
D.
Pancreozymin.
E.
Cholecystokinin.
IV. BLOOD
1. Introduction.
2. Blood Functions.
3. Facts About Blood.
A.
Volume.
B.
Color.
C.
Viscosity.
D.
Specific gravity.
E. pH and buffer system.
4. Formed Elements.
A.
Leukocytes.
1. Monomorphonuclear
series.
a. Monocytes.
b. Lymphocytes.
2. Polymorphonuclear
series.
a. Neutrophils.
b. Basaphils.
c. Eosinophils.
3. Formation.
4. Physiology of each type.
5. Numbers.
6. Life span.
B.
Erythrocytes.
1. Hemoglobin molecule ‑ structure and
function.
2. Life span.
3. Numbers.
4. Formation:
Role of intrinsic factor of B12
C.
Thrombocytes.
1. Functions.
2. Blood clotting.
a. Thromboplastin.
b. Prothrombin.
c. Fibrinogen.
3. Anti‑coagulants.
4. Blood preservative.
5. Plasma.
A.
Water and It's importance.
B.
Proteins.
1. Albumin.
2. Globulins.
3. Fibrinogen.
6. Inorganic Salts.
7. Wastes.
8. Nutrients.
9. Gases.
10. Blood Typing.
A.
ABO groups.
B.
Rh+ and Rh‑
C.
MNS groups.
V. CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM.
1. Arteries.
A.
Structure (Cross‑section).
1. Tunica intima.
2. Tunica media.
3. Tunica externa.
B.
Sizes.
C.
Blood supply ‑ vasa vasorum.
D.
Nerve supply.
2. Capillaries.
A.
Structure.
B.
Function.
C.
Distribution.
3. Veins.
A.
Structure.
B.
Valves.
4. Anastomoses.
5. Pulmonary Circulation.
6. Systemic Circulation.
7. Portal Systems.
A.
Renal portal.
B.
Hepatic portal.
8. Venous Flow.
9. Heart.
A.
Pericardium.
B.
Heart walls.
C.
Heart anatomy.
1. Right heart.
2. Left heart.
3. Blood supply.
D.
Heart facts.
E.
Cardiac muscle properties.
F.
Cardiac Cycle and EKG.
1. P‑wave.
2. QRS complex.
3. T‑wave.
G.
Heart valves.
H.
Hear sounds.
I.
Blood pressures.
1. Systole.
2. Diastole.
3. Blood pressure factors.
a. Age.
b.
Weight.
c. Sex.
d. Emotions.
e. Exercise.
VI. LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
1. Introduction.
2. Lymph.
A.
Formation.
B.
Composition.
3. Vessels.
4. Flow.
5. Lymphatic Tissue.
A.
Nodes.
B.
Nodules.
C.
Spleen.
D.
Thymus.
VII. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM.
1. Introduction.
2. Organs of Respiratory System.
A.
Nasal cavity.
B.
Buccal cavity.
C.
Pharynx.
D.
Larynx.
E.
Trachea.
F.
Bronchiole tree.
G.
Lungs.
1. Pleura coverings.
2. Alveoli.
H.
Mechanics of Breathing.
1. Diaphragm.
2. External, internal intercostals.
3. Other muscles of minor importance.
4. Intra pleural pressures.
5. Intra pulmonic
pressures.
3. Control of Breathing.
A.
Chemical control.
1. Central chemorcptor
of medulle oblongata.
2. Peripheral control of aortic and carotid
sinus.
B.
Physical control.
1. Temperature.
2. Blood pressure.
3. Irritation.
4. Pulmonary Phenomena.
A.
Rate of respiration.
B.
Tidal volume.
C. Inspiratory reserve.
D.
Expiratory reserve.
E.
Vital capacity.
F.
Residual air.
G.
Dead air space.
H.
Minimal air.